Perturbateurs

ANSES's work and involvement in the area of endocrine disruptors

Endocrine disruptors are substances that can interfere with our hormonal system and lead to adverse effects. Faced with multiple sources of exposure, scientists need to understand the role played by these substances in the development of certain diseases. Assessing their health effects is therefore a scientific challenge and an important public health issue. ANSES is one of the major players in this area. In particular, it carries out important assessment work to identify endocrine-disrupting substances and is leading a research programme –  the PNR-EST – part of which is dedicated to endocrine disruptors.  

What are endocrine disruptors?

Endocrine disruptors are substances that disrupt the hormonal functions of living organisms and can therefore have harmful effects on health and the environment.

An endocrine disruptor is an exogenous substance or mixture that alters function(s) of the endocrine system and consequently causes adverse effects in an intact organism, or its progeny, or (sub)populations.

WHO 2002

By disrupting the endocrine system, these substances alter different processes such as communication between cells or tissues and the regulation of key stages of an organism's development. 

Potential endocrine disruptors can interfere with all the major functions of living organisms, such as growth, reproduction, foetal development, behaviour, nutrition, metabolism and the nervous system.

How do endocrine disruptors act?

Several mechanisms are described. Endocrine disruptors can:

  • mimic the action of a natural hormone, thereby causing the response due to this hormone >> this is the mimetic or agonist effect;
  • prevent a hormone from binding to its receptor and thus prevent the transmission of the hormonal signal >> this is the blocking or antagonistic effect;
  • disrupt the production/degradation or regulation of hormones or their receptors;
  • disrupt the transport of a hormone within the organism.

The endocrine system

Health depends on a well-functioning endocrine system. This system is composed of several organs called glands (composed of endocrine cells), which produce hormones and then release them into the blood. Distributed throughout the body, hormones act as "chemical messengers". They have a variety of essential functions:  stimulate growth and development, regulate emotions and control major physiological constants (e.g. body temperature, blood glucose levels, blood pressure). This means that the slightest alteration in the endocrine system can disrupt our balance, as in diabetes, for example.

According to the internationally agreed definition, an endocrine disruptor causes a deleterious effect as a result of this alteration of the endocrine system.

    Multiple sources of exposure to endocrine disruptors

    There are a wide variety of endocrine disruptors and numerous sources of contamination to which humans and animals are exposed. Various compounds suspected of being endocrine disruptors can be found in trace amounts in the environment.
    Organisms can thus be exposed by multiple routes (ingestion, inhalation, dermal contact) to minute doses of several compounds, the effects of which can be varied and may combine.

    Effects and particularities of endocrine disruptors

    While the toxic effects of certain substances are clearly established at high doses, the question of identifying adverse effects linked to long-term hormonal disruption, or even over several generations, and potentially at low doses, has yet to be addressed.

    The low-exposure dose

    Usually, below a certain level of exposure, the body's defence mechanisms prevent the appearance of health effects. This is called a threshold effect. For certain hazardous substances such as carcinogenic compounds, there is sometimes no threshold effect, at least on a population scale, so effects are possible even at low doses. Endocrine disruptors are suspected of acting in the same way.

    Non-monotonic dose-response relationships

    Traditionally, the adverse effects of chemicals are described in toxicology studies as proportional to the dose tested. Typically, a low dose produces no effect, the median dose produces low toxic effects, while a high tested dose induces more pronounced or harmful effects. However, toxicologists have noted that some chemicals can follow inverted curves, i.e. have greater (or even opposite) effects at low doses than those observed at high doses; this is called a non-monotonic dose response.

    Windows of exposure

    Susceptibility to endocrine disruptors may vary with the stage of life. This applies in particular to the foetal and embryonic development period, and to infants and young children, who exhibit greater sensitivity to these substances. The onset of puberty is also a sensitive period during which a hormonal disorder can irreversibly alter certain functions of the body.

    Cocktail effects

    Understanding the effects of endocrine disruptors requires also taking into account the individual’s exposure to a mixture of chemicals and understanding their interactions in the human body over the long term, right from the period of foetal-embryonic development.

    In view of this complexity, knowledge of the effects of endocrine disruptors at the concentration levels observed in the environment is hindered by the limitations of traditional toxicology and risk assessment methods. The challenge is therefore to develop new ones, adapted to the unique properties of these compounds. Understanding the potential environmental and human health effects requires that research projects take into account the potential synergistic effects of mixtures of environmental contaminants.

    Chemicals and endocrine disruptors: a complex regulatory framework

    The regulation of chemicals, apart from specific uses, is governed by the REACh Regulation (for Registration, Evaluation and Authorisation of Chemicals), which applies without transposition in all EU Member States. It provides for substances with endocrine-disrupting properties and of equivalent concern to carcinogenic, mutagenic and reprotoxic substances (CMRs) to be identified as substances of very high concern, and therefore to be included in the list of substances subject to authorisation.

    Plant protection products and biocides are governed by specific regulations for these uses, which are the only laws that explicitly provide for the exclusion of substances with endocrine-disrupting effects.

    The CLP Regulation is a cross-cutting regulation that rules on the hazardous nature of chemicals and imposes specific labelling. For now, endocrine disruption is not a hazard class in this regulation, but the announcements made by the European Commission as part of its ambition for a toxic-free environment seek to change this.

    Overview of ANSES’s work on endocrine disruptors

    The assessment of biocidal and plant protection substances: identification criteria now defined and implemented

    A definition of endocrine disruptors for substances in plant protection and biocidal products was adopted in 2017 at European level (EU Regulations 2017/2100 and 2018/605). Consideration is being given to extending this approach to other regulated sectors (cosmetics, medical devices, food contact materials, etc.). ANSES contributed to this work on the criteria for the identification of endocrine disruptors: See our news update of July 2016 "ANSES issues its conclusions regarding criteria for the identification of endocrine disruptors" 

    From now on, a plant protection or biocidal substance is identified as an endocrine disruptor if:

    1. the substance has a mode of action that alters the functions of the endocrine system;
    2. it produces an adverse effect in an intact organism or its descendants;
    3. the adverse effect is a consequence of this mode of action.

    For all plant protection and biocidal substances for which an evaluation was ongoing or due to be carried out (new substance or renewal of approval of an existing substance), the endocrine disruption assessment must be conducted in accordance with the criteria set out in the appropriate European Regulations and the methodology developed in the EFSA/ECHA Joint Guidance Document published on 5 June 2018.

    See EFSA news item of june 2018.

    As soon as the European regulations were adopted, ANSES conducted an assessment of the substance epoxiconazole and confirmed its endocrine-disrupting nature.

    See our news update "ANSES announces the withdrawal of marketing authorisations for fungicidal plant protection products containing epoxiconazole in France".

    France and the other Member States will assess the endocrine-disrupting properties of approximately 300 plant protection substances by 2025 and 100 biocidal substances by 2024.

    ANSES, as the competent evaluation authority, will be responsible for evaluating several dozen of these.

    Assessment of chemical substances

    Many chemicals are suspected of having these properties: bisphenols, phthalates, parabens, brominated and perfluorinated compounds, and alkylphenols.

    For nearly 10 years, ANSES has been carrying out extensive work to prioritise and then evaluate chemicals with regard to their potential endocrine-disrupting action. This work specifically contributes to identifying them as Substances of Very High Concern for their endocrine-disrupting properties under the REACh Regulation, leading to a ban on the use of the substance unless renewable authorisation is granted.  

    ANSES thus identified bisphenol A as an endocrine disruptor for humans, and more recently TNPP, which contains nonylphenol and bisphenol B.

    Focus on bisphenol A

    As a result of the Agency's expert appraisal (Sept. 2011), the French Parliament adopted a law in 2012 suspending the manufacture, import, export and marketing of all food packaging containing BPA. Therefore, since 1 January 2015 it has been prohibited in infant feeding bottles and other food containers. This legislation is expected to lead to a very significant reduction in the level of dietary exposure to bisphenol A.

    Based on a request by France assessed by the Agency, the European Commission adopted a proposal in July 2016 to classify BPA as a category 1B reproductive toxicant.

    In February 2017, ANSES also submitted a proposal to the European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) to classify bisphenol A (BPA) as a "substance of very high concern" (SVHC) in the context of the European REACh Regulation for its endocrine-disrupting properties in humans. This proposal was adopted by ECHA's Member State Committee in June 2017.

    To learn more about ANSES's work on bisphenol A, click here

    Since 2009, ANSES has assessed a number of substances liable to be found in mixtures for consumer use. It has also conducted appraisals of classes of substances such as perfluorinated compounds, phthalates and polybrominated compounds. In addition to their effects, uses and sources of exposure, the contamination of different environments by these substances was studied.
    These studies served as the basis for ranking the substances to be assessed as part of the National Endocrine Disruptor Strategy (SNPE 2014-2016).

    National Endocrine Disruptor Strategy

    France is the first country to have had a National Endocrine Disruptor Strategy (SNPE 2014-2016) aiming to reduce exposure of the population and the environment to endocrine disruptors. In this context, ANSES has been tasked with assessing at least five substances per year; these can also include potential substitutes for substances of concern. From 2021, the number to be assessed annually is six chemicals under REACh, and three biocidal and plant protection substances.

    When certain substances submitted to the Agency for appraisal are suspected of having endocrine-disrupting effects and/or posing a risk to health or the environment, ANSES is asked to propose appropriate risk management measures in the framework of the European regulations.
    The experience of the SNPE1 has shown that assessing the ED nature of substances was often limited by the lack of data on these substances.

    The conclusions obtained for the 22 substances evaluated in the framework of SNPE1 were as follows:

    Assessment results Number of substances among those assessed
    Potential substitutes for EDs of lesser concern 4
    Substance requiring additional data to assess the identification criteria 13
    Substance likely to disrupt the endocrine system of animal species but already highly regulated 1
    Endocrine-disrupting substance 3
    Substance identified as an ED for human health (SVHC-57f under REACh) 1

    More detailed information can be found in the opinions on the assessed substances, via the links on this page. 
    Following this first SNPE, the second National Endocrine Disruptor Strategy (SNPE 2) was launched in September 2019. The Agency has identified a list of 906 substances to be assessed for their potential endocrine activity and developed a methodology for assessing the ED nature of chemicals with a view to classifying them as "known, presumed or suspected". This method puts collective expert appraisal at the heart of the Agency's analysis of these issues. Read our news update on the Agency's SNPE2 reports.

    > More information on the second national endocrine disruptor strategy (in French)

    The Agency's other work on endocrine disruptors

    ANSES has also conducted several expert appraisals:

     

    Funding research to better understand endocrine disruptors

    ANSES runs the French National Research Programme for Environmental and Occupational Health (PNR EST). Since 2006, it has helped strengthen the acquisition and development of knowledge, mainly on the hazards, potential exposure and associated diseases related to the environment, including in the workplace.

    Endocrine disruptors are an integral part of the research questions and therefore a priority in the PNR EST’s annual calls for research projects. For each of the editions since 2018, specific funding has been allocated by the Ministry of the Environment to finance research projects on this theme (10 projects in 2020). Find out more about the PNR EST.

    The results of projects funded through the PNR EST are promoted through ANSES’s Scientific Conferences and the publication of Cahiers de la Recherche. The Scientific Conferences of 8 July 2019, organised in partnership with the ANR, focused on endocrine disruptors and more specifically on the scientific advances concerning exposure to these substances, their effects on human health and their mechanisms of action.

    > See issue 13 of the Cahiers de la Recherche - "Endocrine disruptors" (PDF).